The arcade Mega Man games are just like the console versions, just distilled down to the boss fights.
And, also like the console games, each of the Robot Masters has a weakness to one of the weapons of the other Robot Masters. It's kind of like a game of Rock, Paper, Scissors, only with six choices.
But how do you know who's weak to what?
Easy! Just try everything you have in your arsenal, and if you hit on the weak spot, the screen will flash white.
Which is kind of hard to show here, since this site has a white background, but trust me, you'll notice it.
And it's way easier to see than trying to check out the power meter at the bottom of the screen during a heated battle.